He believed that each individual controlled his or her life by their choice of how to interpret their environment. He could not agree with Freud on the importance of individual drives and psychological mechanisms. 58) Adler started the school of Individual Psychology based upon his theory of self-determination. “Of those who broke away from the master, the most important were Alfred Adler ( 1870-1937), founder of Individual Psychology, and Carl Jung ( 1875- ), founder of Analytical Psychology.” (Chaplin & Krawiec, 1962, p. ![]() He differed with Freud concerning the importance of childhood sexual trauma, whether real or fantasized, and he believed in a more holistic approach to psychology. Psychoanalysis-“Freud’s innovative treatment method in which the patient is encouraged to speak freely about memories, associations, fantasies and dreams and which relies on Freud’s theories of interpretation-was Freud’s noble cause and, for a time, it was Alfred Adler’s and Carl Jung’s as well.” (Bridle, Susan and Edelstein, Amy 2008) Freud and Adler met in 1900 and Adler was the president of the association until their differences drove him to resign and start his own school. Freud’s ideas were, for a long time, totally unaccepted in scientific and medical circles.įinally he gathered a group of people around him and they became the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association. Freud did develop the original theories of the conscious and unconscious and subconscious the ego, id and superego the libidinal and aggressive drives the Oedipus and Electra complexes the defense mechanisms of the mind being, for him, what drove people to whatever they did. Freud is often called the “father” of modern psychoanalysis, which may have an intentional double meaning, considering his theories of childhood sexual fantasies. Main bodyįreud is, by far, the most famous outside academic circles, though Adler and Jung are familiar to most educated people. Jung became involved in religious and spiritual studies and it led him to investigate the psyche as a whole phenomenon of the universal consciousness, or overmind. It was Freud’s pioneering use of the term “the I” (“ das Ich” in his native German, which was then translated into the Latin “ego”) that brought “ego” into common parlance and popular interest to the process of self-consciousness.” (Bridle, Susan and Edelstein, Amy 2008) Adler differed with Freud and developed the more holistic approach of self-determination. “Among these giants, Freud is indisputably the most towering monolith. ![]() They were not far removed from the days when anyone who was different was isolated, beaten or burnt at the stake, unless, of course they happened to be royalty. ![]() The first thing to note is that these three pioneers were contemporaries, working in what was an intellectual quagmire to ferret out the truths of psychology and especially psychological treatment.
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